Developmental Theories Case Of Hakira Yilmaz - 2795 Words

1 Developmental Theories: Case of Hakira Yilmaz Nicole Semedo Capella University Summer 2017 Introduction Presented with the case of Hakira Hilmaz, three team members are discussing the three theories of development by Erik Erikson, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky. Each team will make its representation of its theory, then discuss the differences and similarities between the theories and finally make a representation of how the theory applies to the case studied. The first team is team A and is presented by Carle, will discuss Erik Erikson’s theory. The second team is team B, which is introduced by Niclos, will deliberate on Jiaget’s theory. And the third team is the C team and is represented by†¦show more content†¦But on the other hand, if they are prevented from being independent and are ashamed for doing something wrong or not behaving appropriately, they develop the feeling of self-doubt. Initiative versus Guilt is the third stage of his theory. It starts at age of four and ends at five. During this time children who are allowed to be free and participate in different surroundings activities, and are encouraged to use series of languages that support autonomy and taking the initiative and whose adults are willing to answer their questions, will develop initiative characteristic. But when children at this stage are constantly told what to do and are given the impression that their questions or activities have not much importance, they develop the guilty feeling about acting on their own. Fourthly, Industry versus Inferiority is another period discussed by Erikson’s psychological developmental theory. According to him, it starts when the child is six and ends at eleven years old. Throughout this period, especially in school, if children are encouraged to do things right, taught to persevere, permitted to finish their work, and are applauded for trying industry develops. But if they are criticized for trying and failing, or are often harshly condemned, the feeling of inferiority evolves, thus causing these children to never learn how to prideful of their accomplishment even they do something right they still believe that they never can do

America, Lows for Many, Highs for Some - 537 Words

Reconstruction in America during the post-civil war era was a both a test and boundary pushing experience that challenged racial laws and the livelihood of many African Americans. During this time period it was both a struggle and battle for everyone involved but none were hit harder than that of the black community. A great deal African Americans had to adapt to the constant fear of lynching and discrimination that was a threat on a daily basis. Especially in America during the late 1800’s through the 1960’s which was very nadir time for many African Americans; do to loss of multiple civil rights, discrimination, and segregation. Fear and discrimination were an everyday feeling that numerous African Americans had endure when it came to living during this time period of racial tension and opposition from white racial groups. To illustrate this point Elias Hill, who on one fateful night on May 5th, 1871 experienced first-hand the ruthlessness of the Ku Klux Klan. On this night the Ku Klux Klan kicked in the front door of Hills home and dragged him outside along with another black boy, where they were questioned about the burning down of white owned homes. Mr. Hill replied with â€Å"I told them it was not me; I could not burn houses†. Mr. Hill and the black boy were beaten for a crime he did not commit; all so the Ku Klux Klan could gather answers to a meeting held between Mr. Hill and the Urban League. As a result there was fear on both sides; Mr. Hill feared that the Ku KluxShow MoreRelatedHow Can America Become A Better Immigrant Nation?1245 Words   |  5 PagesHow Can America Become a Better Immigrant Nation Again? It has become evident to many that the American economy is declining in recent years. Journalists are pointing out that one of the reasons why it got weaker is due to a failed immigration system and outdated policies towards illegal immigrants. For instance, Fareed Zakaria from Time magazine says, although America was once considered an example to many other immigrant nations, it is now falling behind some of them in terms of immigration-relatedRead MorePest Analysis About the American Manufacturing Industry1259 Words   |  6 PagesPEST Analysis about the American Manufacturing Industry In the article Can the Future Be Built in America, the author Pete Engardio describes the crucial issue of the manufacturing industry exodus from the United States and how smarter tax policies, low-cost loans, and industrial zones may help keep factories at home. For over a half century, American manufacturing has dominated the globe. It helped rebuild Europe and Japan and it stimulated the economic growth in China because of outsourcingRead MoreImmigration Policy Of The United States1045 Words   |  5 PagesStates. It will cover where the foreign-born population comes from, the mix of high and low skilled immigrants, and who gains and losses due to immigration. Lastly we will discuss the direction the immigration policy in the United States should be taking. The immigration population in the United States is large and comes from numerous countries across the globe. The population of foreign-born residents in America is roughly 40.7 million people in 2012. Within this number 18.6 are naturalizedRead MoreChapter 3 discusses the background of the Italians who came to the United States. Italy had free600 Words   |  3 PagesLittle Italy neighborhoods, and having low literacy rates. They worked in unskilled jobs such as the railroad, sweatshops, and other physical labor jobs. After a short period of time some Italians began to develop their own business and more became entrepreneurs. When they first came to America they were not as involved in Catholic Churches, but overtime this increased. Education was never a huge concern for Italians who typically had high dropout rates in high school and were inclined to work hardRead MoreIntroduction. The Rising Unemployment Has Generated Challenges1381 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The rising unemployment has generated challenges in low income communities. Unemployment involves a situation where people in a particular community are actively seeking employment but the employment rates are low. The increased rates of unemployment are contributed to by factors such as recession periods that adversely affects the economy. Impacts on the economy in turn affect the labor force leading to loss of employment and reducing the rates of employment opportunities in the countryRead MoreThe Obesity Epidemic in the United States664 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States of America is known for having a high obesity level. According to David Frum from CNN, except for Mexicans, American citizens are more likely to become obese than any other nationality. Some obese countries have enforced an extra high tax on fast foods and other high calorie foods, and many people believe that the U.S. should adopt the fat tax as well. According to Dictionary.com, the fat tax is â€Å"a tax imposed on or proposed for high-fat or otherwise unhealthy foodstuffs†. AlthoughRead MoreAmerica s Health Care System Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesStates are nowhere near cheap. In fact, America has the worst healthcare system in the world. America’s health care system is a direct-fee system. A majority of countries around the globe are government controlled. Taxes primarily finance their health care access and delivery. Unfortunately, for America, the US government does not pay for most of its citizens’ health care (Health Care Issues, 2015). America’s health care system is in jeopardy due to increasingly high prices and lack of access. America’sRead MoreEssay on The Negative Effects of Mass Immigration1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe Negative Effects of Mass Immigration For decades immigrants to America were sure of two things. They came for the opportunity to build a better life for their families and they would not seek nor would they accept a handout. The drive and attitude of immigrants who came to America during the nineteen twenties through the nineteen sixties built strong work ethics that created our now famous American melting pot. But for the past thirty years a runaway welfare state has poisoned our goodRead MoreWhat Immigration Brings America And How Donald Trump Views It1166 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration Brings to America and How Donald Trump Views It Immigration issues have become a widely talked issue among people, since Paris was attacked in November 2015 by terrorists who migrated to France from Syria as refugees (Gallagher, 2015). In America where the Presidential Election is going to be held, people eagerly care about how the presidential candidates stand for immigration issue, because immigrants can seriously affect people’s daily lives: immigrants bring America lots of advantagesRead MoreEssay on Social Justice in the US1208 Words   |  5 Pagesviolated and why? Lastly, what are some of the measures that the US government has taken to address the issue of social injustices, which include Unemployment, endless crimes and terrorism, social classes in American societies with different benefits and privileges? Finally the paper will state personal opinions to American citizens and the American government at large and will draw the conclusion. Key words: Crimes and Justice, and poverty and Health America is the world’s super power with a

The Secret Intelligence Branch Of The Shin Bet - 1499 Words

If there is one thing true about this documentary is the depressing, and pessimistic nature of it. The Shin Bet, Israel’s equivalent of the FBI act as the secret intelligence branch that serves to protect Israel from behind the scenes, and Unseen Shield, if you will. The six ex leaders of the Shin Bet all portray the recent decades of Israel’s undercover militaristic organisation by retelling some of their past actions and experiences. All six tell of their actions, that would shock us uninitiated civilians, with surprising bluntness. One man seems like the typical gentle grandpa wearing suspenders, who is subsequently called a bully and a monster, another younger man is very collected yet obviously troubled by the job. And then there is also Ami the bald gaunt man who likes to quote intellectuals. All speak about the political history of Israel and how they’re work has fundamentally changed them. One of the most important change they face is their entire strateg y involving the Palestinian issue. Their tactics need to change from simply removing extremists to diplomatic solutions. At the very beginning of the film the man Yuval Diskin introduces the most thought provoking theme of the documentary, it’s unnatural to have the power to give the word and end a man s life in an instant. In these moments when a person has to decide between taking the shot and killing a known terrorist and potentially innocent lives around him, or decline and let the man go on to do someShow MoreRelatedIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesanimal B. name of a town (lit. leopard of the wilderness) crocodile leopard which is weaker and less ferocious than the real leopard very young leopard daring, fearless like a leopard; brave title; holder of Ã’gbu Ä gá » ¥ title; name (lit. leopard-killer) secret night society (using agá » ¥ á » gbà  ); Leopard Society open grassy country; wilderness person bearing same name as oneself; namesake (cf. à ²gbà ²) razor denial; plea: ÈnwerÃ… Ã¯â‚¬ § m à  gà ¹Ã¯â‚¬ ¥gà ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ I have no plea deny: AdÄ  m à  chá »  Ã… «Ã¯â‚¬ §kpa onye nÄ -agá »  à  gà ¹Ã¯â‚¬ ¥gà ²Ã¯â‚¬ ¥ ife o mÄ“lá » ¥ I doRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesMoods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 103 Emotional Labor 108 Affective Events Theory 110 Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 †¢ The Case Against EI 114 †¢ Emotion Regulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117 †¢ Customer Service 118

The Great Authors And Poets Of History - 2014 Words

I. When asked to think of the great authors and poets of history, many think of names like Walt Whitman, Charles Dickens, Oscar Wilde or Ernest Hemmingway. Few people would consider the nineteenth century poet Edgar Allan Poe. Poe wrote countless poems and short stories of the horror genre. Poe’s early life, military activity, romantic relationships and life as an author all played a significant role in his writings and the formation of his career as an author and poet. The work Poe did years ago still impacts the world of literature today and has provided a basis for which today’s short stories are written and formatted. IIA. Edgar Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 1809 to actors David Poe and Elizabeth Arnold (Bloom, 141). Poe was second of three children; his brother would eventually grow up to become a poet as well (Edgar Allan Poe Museum, February 2016). When Poe was a child, his father David abandoned the family and his mother died. This caused Poe and his sis ter to be taken into the home of John Allan while his brother was taken to be raised by his grandfather. John Allan was a general merchant and he and his wife had no children. John Allan also wanted to become a writer, allowing him and Poe to have a natural relationship. Poe was able to adapt to the Allan home quickly (Edgar Allan Poe Society of Baltimore, August 2015). Although Poe was never formally adopted by John Allan, he took on the name Edgar ‘Allan’ Poe (Bloom, 141) IIB. After Poe movedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Annotated Bibliography: Robert Graves1099 Words   |  5 Pagesorg/C2025243227/E518045992/index.html This analysis of Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, was far from what I expected. The author begins with stating that he is a great admirer of Robert Graves and has always enjoyed reading the Greek Myths. However, he goes on to say that Robert Graves take on the Greek Myths was geared towards a much younger demographic and that he leaves out a lot of the really good stuff. The author also discusses one of Robert Graves’s most controversial works, The White Goddess, and believesRead MoreA Dream About Final Exams in Wislawa Szymborsks Poem Brueghel’s Two Monkeys758 Words   |  3 PagesWislawa Szymborska poem â€Å"Brueghel’s Two Monkeys† starts out in a strange way. It begins out by what the author â€Å"dreams about final exams† (1). Oddly, what she sees in her dream is â€Å"two monkeys, chained to the floor† (2). The poem is about the human conditions in different settings of mankind. The monkeys are the things that of the poets dream about the exam. The monkeys are a symbol of the suffering of mankind—based on the chains—through the unpredictable events. As said in the last stanza, â€Å"OneRead MoreClassical Greek Period The Anactoria Poem Analysis1489 Words   |  6 Pagesarmor. 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The fourth and final period in the discussion, men began to realize the destructive power of love and its capabilities for great evil, or great good. Each of these timeRead More Theodore Roethke Essays1040 Words   |  5 PagesTheodore Roethke â€Å"Roethke was a great poet, the successor to Frost and Stevens in modern American poetry, and it is the measure of his greatness that his work repays detailed examination† (Parini 1). Theodore Roethke was a romantic who wrote in a variety of styles throughout his long successful career. However, it was not the form of his verse that was important, but the message being delivered and the overall theme of the work. Roethke was a deep thinker and often pondered about and reflectedRead MoreJabberwocky by Lewis Carroll1600 Words   |  6 Pagesspeaker of this poem to be a man telling his son a folklore about the Jabberwock around a campfire. I think this because of the intensity of the speaker and how he says, Beware the Jabberwock, my son! 2. The speaker and the author could be telling the same story, but the author is meaning to mock the despair of writers. Unless the man telling his son the story is a writer, he proabably wouldnt understand. 3. The attitude toward the subject seems to be excited and intense. With the intensity, heRead MoreBlack Writers of the 20th Century Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature has played an important role in society throughout history, the written word being a powerful tool in communicating ideas. This became even more important during the 20th century, when many people were trying to persuade others or share their emotions and histories. The black movements in the United States made use of this tool, many authors coming out and becoming part of the fabric of society. 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Eliot is a bit less succinct, but perhaps he could be most pithily summed up as saying: â€Å"The business of the poet is not to find new emotions, but to use the ordinary ones and, in working them up into poetry, to express feelings which are not in actual emotions at all† (Eliot 1919, 23). It is not immediately evident what either author means by these statements, however, theyRead MoreThe Iliad And The Odyssey1498 Words   |  6 Pagesearly human society. It was an ancient story written centuries ago about two civilizations that battled against each other. â€Å"The Iliad tells the story of the clash of two great civilizations, and the effects of war on both the winners and losers† (Homer 222). In addition to its influence on Greek poetry, the Iliad is a great Homeric epic that has long helped shape critical schools of thought. It is not exactly clear who the originator of the Iliad is, or whether it was composed by more than

The Importance of Grammar Free Essays

string(105) " language in this way was done both for the humor of the moment and to keep the creative juices flowing\." The importance of grammar can be learned, but effort must be put forth to achieve the ends you seek. The importance lies in the fact that there is more to it than making sure commas and apostrophes are in the right places, or that you have corrected misplaced modifiers or incorrect pronouns. However, comma rules are important. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Grammar or any similar topic only for you Order Now You must know how to use commas appropriately to apply the meaning you intend within your writing. It is also essential to learn how to write in such a way that you are not creating run-on sentences, but combining incomplete thoughts, or fragments, to make them read much more clearly and succinctly.The importance of grammar also relies on the use of prepositional phrases to add more to each of your sentences than the necessary subjects and verbs that make sentences complete. Common grammar errors such as misplaced and dangling modifiers can create dual meanings and misunderstandings. Take a look at our page on double entendres for examples of these types of errors. Rely on the importance of grammar in your writing and you will find that whether you are writing creatively or formally, you are creating a more solid structure and cohesiveness for your writing style.Grammar errors may seem miniscule at first, but when the same errors continue to occur, you must take it upon yourself to achieve a better and more thorough understanding to ensure that your writing is not only full of unique plotlines, theses, and other information, but that it reads just as well as the main idea sounds. Create writing that is influenced by the importance of grammar. This flawlessness will come across to your readers, and will make publication a tad easier, as writing that looks and feels more professional will make you look better in the eyes of those who are reading your work.Check back often for more grammar pages that will have you on the road to creating more polished, refined writing. Plus, who knows if reading through your work and checking for grammar errors may just be the ticket to an epiphany for which way your writing should head next. Reading your work again can be quite helpful in allowing you to contemplate how to move forward in your writing, so why not multitask and correct grammatical errors at the same time? It is just one more way to achieve your writing potential — take it upon yourself to learn all you can about writing, even if it is the nitty gritty grammar details you have always dreaded.If you read through your work and realize that more grammar help is needed and those pesky, common grammar errors are conflicting with the flow of your paper, see our writing coach page so that we can help you out of your grammar funk. One of the best and most well known writers in English literature, William Shakespeare is credited with inventing over 1700 words that appear in his plays. He changed nouns into verbs into adjectives thus misusing words to communicate. If Shakespeare could be so liberal with the language how important is it really to follow the rules of proper grammar?Aaron Wall posted yesterday How Hard is it to Write Clearly? , following a trail of quotes from George Orwell on the importance of improving the clarity of language. I agree completely that it’s important to communicate effectively in all writing, but the post got me thinking how important things like typos are or how important is it to always follow the proper rules of grammar. It also got me thinking how imprtant it was to correctly use words in order to communicate effectively. Clarity is important yes, but it’s not necessary to adhere to the rules to be clear.Take for example Lewis Carroll’s Jaberwocky: Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird and shun The fruminous Bandersnatch! You’d be lying if you s aid you knew what a Jabberwock, a Bandersnatch, or a Jubjub bird is, but there’s no denying that are all to be avoided. Clarity in communication most definitely. Carroll made up each of those words, yet from the words around them we can infer an awful lot about them. Of course Shakespeare and Lewis Carroll were writing fiction and most of our sites are works of non-fiction.Speak the Language Of The Dog: But What If Your Dog Quacks Instead Of Barking? The gurus at grokdotcom urge you to speak the language of the dog if you want to sell to the dog. The advice is very good in that if you want to connect with your customers you need to speak their language and not yours. What happens though, when your customers refer to things improperly? What happens if instead of barking you customers quack? If your site is tech oriented and appeals to a younger crowed you might find many visitors to your site using 133t or h4ck3r speak.If they’re using it you probably should too. You can most likely break any rule of grammar since your visitors won’t mind and will actually expect you to use new variations of words. It’s part of the culture. If anything proper use of the language in this instance would cause you to lose more of your visitors than to keep them. A number of years back I worked in an environment alongside a variety of artists, writers, musicians and other creatives. The creative process was an ongoing thing and much of it in this circle involved bending the language.We worked in a book store and one day someone might have referred to the cash register as the registry. A few days later someone else might have called it the registrine and later another may have referred to it as the vegestrine. In time vegestrine could have become the accepted term for a cash register. Bending the language in this way was done both for the humor of the moment and to keep the creative juices flowing. You read "The Importance of Grammar" in category "Papers" The words and grammar are all misused, but in turn new words and grammar were created. Those words while essentially nonsense clearly communicated a meaning within our circle.The Importance Of Grammar And Spelling For A Commercial Site If your site is a commercial one I think adhering to proper grammar, correct spelling, and using words correctly is a good thing. It’s an essential thing really. The lack of any can cause your business to be seen as less than professional. The occasional typo is probably fine as most of us will forgive that sort of thing, if we even notice it, but an over abundance of mistakes conveys a very amateur impression of your site and business. You may not be the best speller, but if you’re in business you should be able to hire someone to at least proof your writing.I might not be the best person to speak about this, since I know this site is filled with a variety of errors due mostly to my lack of typing skills. I’ve corrected many, but know many more errors still abound. Still it’s something that I should work to correct more as even just a handful of typos on a page could easily turn off potential clients. Then again the two people who have mentioned it most to me both became clients after seeing the typos. I have no idea though, how much business I might potentially lose having the errors on the site. Do as I say, not as I do. It is important to properly use the language in business communication. Blogs And Other Informal Writing While I do think it important to fix grammatical errors on what are essentially sales pages on the site, I’m much less concerned with them on the blog. Blogs are generally written much more informally and as a result I think grammatical mistakes are much more likely to be forgiven and even enjoyed as they can often provide a glimpse into into the personality behind the blog. Mistakes make us human and seeing a blogger make the same mistake as you could provide a common bond.I don’t advocate making mistakes on purpose, but I don’t see them as leading to the same potential problems as they would in more formal communication. While on a sales page I am communicating for leads, on the blog I’m simply talking. My writing voice is a little different from my speaking voice, having developed somewhat independently of each other over the years, but I try to keep them very much the same. One of the common rules taught to me in school that I have always broken is ending sentences and phrases with a preposition.I’m aware of it almost always when I do it, but it sounds more natural to me and it makes its way often into my writing. I’m sure somewhere the English teachers of my youth are groaning, but I doubt anyone reading here cares much, and I’d be willing to bet most of the offending sentences have never been noticed. The Use Of Language In Search Marketing And Advertising You’ll have any easier time in most cases ranking a page for a misspelling than you will for ranking the same page for the proper spelling of a word.I don’t advocate purposely misspelling words on your pages, since ranking or not if the people reading them are turned off you won’t profit from the misspelling. Still there are plenty of websites profiting solely through the use of common misspellings to words often typed into a search engines. They may not be the highest quality of sites, but many make a good deal of money for their owner. People do misspell and mistype words and markets exist to capitalize on both. Creativity is an important part of advertising and marketing.If you can successfully bring a new word or phrase to our attention you can attract attention to yourself, your site, and your business. You become the source for the addition to the language. The term Ajax had nothing to do with web applications until Jesse James Garrett of adaptive path used it in that context. Words like ecommerce and email were created out of the language and now adding an ‘e’ in front of anything is synonymous with being online. A company like eBay was able to capitalize on that little ‘e. It’s become a common design trend to use lower case letters to start a word that would more commonly be capitalized. Rules can be successfully broken. How Important Is Proper Grammar?I think it depends on where the writing appears and the context in which it appears. In a sales later or business proposal it’s essential to get things right and proper. One of the quickest ways to get your resume tossed is to misspell a few things. You generally want to come across professionally in all business writing. Yet I can easily think of industries where getting things wrong can work well. Think Toys ‘R’ Us with the backwards ‘R. That single backwards letter is a great marketing ploy and helps brand the company as one geared towards children. Where your writing is meant to be more informal as in a blog I think it much less important to adhere to every rule. You should probably still aspire to getting it right, but it’s not going to be as important to miss a few things here and there. I’ll even argue that breaking a few grammatical rules in your blog can make you appear more human, which is often one of the main reason for having a blog. I agree with Orwell that it’s important to improve clarity in writing.I think it’s important to improve clarity in all forms of communication. Still I can’t help, but think of Shakespeare manipulating the language for his own purposes. Or of Lewis Carrol’s Jabberwocky with it’s majority of made up words communicating clearly and effectively. Breaking the rules is ok, and breaking those rules wth a purpose can be very successful. There’s no doubt though, that both Shakespeare and Carrol knew the rules the were breaking. And so should you. It’s ok misuse the language at times, but it’s best if you know that you are misuing the language and understand your reasons for doing so. How to cite The Importance of Grammar, Papers

Management and Organizations in Global Environment Motor Industry

Question: Discuss about the Report for Management and Organizations in Global Environment of Motor Industry. Answer: Summary The motor vehicle industry has evolved incredibly since the past two or three decades. The world has witnessed iconic changes in the management and organization in this industry which has made this sector flourish and stand where it stands today. There are a few legendary personalities who are responsible for the growth and success of the motor vehicle industry. They have paved the way for excellent management and organizational practices, which professionals in this industry still follow. In this essay, the contribution of leaders like Henry Ford and Alfred P Sloan has been discussed. The world car concept and merges like Chrysler Mercedes-Benz and Nissan Renault have also been discussed in details. This will help in the deeper understanding as to how the motor vehicle has evolved in the age of globalization and what challenges lie ahead. With more than seventy-five million motor vehicles being sold in a year, the motor vehicle industry is undoubtedly one of the key industries around the globe (Cartwright 2012). In the years gone by, the labor system was rigid, which lead to the realization that there were various issues in the management and organization in the industry. However, with the wide spread of globalization, the people involved in the management and organization were able to employ flexible labor force and assembly lines that made mass production of customized products possible (Caputo 2012). Enhancement in the manufacturing flexibility also imposes new and unseen challenges on the management and organization in the industry. These challenges include not only keeping up with the design and style of the manufacturing systems, but also coordination of the logistics and the global supply chain. Effective scheduling and novel planning are also required to minimize the differences between the need to enhance the capital-incentive resources and the demand for product varieties. The increase in worldwide competition over the last ten years has also urged the motor vehicle industry to improve the efficiency and quality of its management and organization. Utilizing relevant management tools as per needs of the organization has become a crucial element to maintaining competitiveness in the contemporary business environment. Because of its comprehensive and global approach, management is characterized into various segments. If the management methodologies and organizational strategies are utilized in an appropriate manner, it ensures participation of the members that is aimed at improving the efficiency, functionality, and efficacy of the company (Cheng and Seeger 2012). The companies can improve their performances rapidly if they choose and apply the best management tools. This will also lead to a gain in market shares and increased customer satisfaction. The entire motor vehicle industry has embraced standard management and organization methods, but the challenge still lies in determining which practices will ensure stability and prosperity in the overall performance of the firm (Metzger and Berger 2012). Contemporarily, the whole of the motor vehicle industry is moving along the currents of globalization. There are certain distinctive features, which mark the changes in the automobile industry after the advent of globalization. Primarily, its structure is highly concentrated: a small group of powerful companies exerting pressure over the less powerful ones. Companies belonging to countries like Germany, USA and Japan dominate motor vehicle production globally. The automobile industry structured regionally compared to the other industries. There are many issues, which challenge the operation of the motor vehicle industry like striking the perfect balance between marketing and the short-term sales, understanding the future car culture, urbanization, competition, coordination with the other operating industries, etc. The automobile industry has been taking all these challenges in its stride. Effective management means converting challenges into opportunities (Weber and Yedidia Tarba 2012). There is a lot to learn from the organization and management of the automobile industry, which can prove to be a valuable lesson for those who want to be a part of this ever-growing industry (Becker et al. 2016). Henry Ford: Bringing the work to the worker: Henry Ford is a revolutionary personality which is responsible for creating the Ford Model T car in the year 1908 (Gill 2012). He also invented the assembly mode of production, which brought a metamorphic change in the motor vehicle industry and changed the way the industry operates forever. Henry Ford went on to sell millions of cars and became a famous personality who gained recognition all around the world (Nissan-global 2016). Fords philosophy reflected his respect towards the employees of the organization. According to him, the employee works backstage for the success of the company. The company is nothing without him, so it must take care of all the needs and requirements of the employee. The company must listen to what the employee has to say or contribute and must incorporate his suggestions in the management and organizational activities of the company. Henry Ford set a brilliant example for valuing the human work force (Nissan-global 2016). He believed that offering the emp loyees a rewarding salary and reasonable working hours would motivate them to work much harder towards the success of the company. He was a staunch believer of Bringing the work to the worker Selling the best products at the lowest cost would ensure prosperity for the company and hence the worker will get more appealing work opportunities. Henry Ford had a high emotional quotient. He was sensitive towards the needs of his employees (Aoyama 2012). He used to take actions to respond to their needs, and they were enough to express that he cared. He encouraged the work-life balance of the employees and always appreciated and acknowledged their work. If required, he would also increase their wage rates, time to time. According to him, success lies in the ability of the management to get the employee's point of view and try to look at things from that angle as well as their own. The work force of the organization must never be ignored for they are the backbone of the company. Ford believed that the responsibility of the company's management is not only limited to coming up with ideas concerning the working of the company (Aoyama 2012). They must commit to their ideas and make sure that they are incorporated efficiently into the activities of the business. Any organization must be acquainted with the market within which it is operating. This will help the management in establishing the company as a leader in the industry. A company will never flourish unless it decides upon the category or the target audience it wishes to serve. After Henry Ford was sure about the product he was to manufacture, he spent a long time deciding customer base. He knew it would be a great idea to save time and money by zeroing in on a certain target audience and solving their problem that they did not even know if it exists. The lesson to be taken is clear and concise: Perform research, and identify if there is any interest of the audience in your product and devise it accordingly. Promotion is also a vital part, which the management should not ignore. If the customers do not come to know if your product exists, they will never buy your product. Reputation is one virtue that cannot be compromised at the cost of anything. Reputation and recognition do not come overnight. The company must be consistent in its quality of services so that the experience remains the same with each customer. This will lead to promotion through word of mouth. The customers will talk about how pleasantly the company deals with its clients, and it will carve a fine image of the company on the minds of its customers (Pavlnek 2012). Henry Ford taught this industry the importance of maintaining reputation. If the customers do not think highly of the company, no management efforts of the organization will be of any use eventually. There is no better example of a company being respected by the people across the globe than Ford Motor Company. Henry Ford set a practical example for the future members of the industry to follow (Ene and ztrk 2012). Fordism is a concept named after Henry Ford. Fordism advocates a standard and efficient form of mass production. Henry Ford had realized that he could achieve the maximum output by ensuring a premium level of efficiency among the workforce. He ensured this through offering the employees of the company better wages and lessened work pressure so that they could strike a perfect work-life balance. Henry Ford has taught the management how to move towards the goals of the company (Well and Nieuwenhuis 2012). The management should always keep an eye over its competitors so that they know what goals they have to set and how do they have to achieve them. Ford always encouraged his people to learn and keep on with this process of learning until the end of time. Learning will help in brainstorming new ideas, and help the management in realizing their company objectives (Weiss 2014). Ford taught the people of the motor vehicle industry and the people all around the world, never to be afraid of being the different one. It is always good to experiment, for a person will never learn if he does not venture into new things. Ford encouraged people not to focus on innovation just for the sake of it. He asked people to indulge in introspection and ask themselves questions like why they want to invent the product, how innovative should they be, etc. Setting goals is always important because it keeps a person motivated and focused to achieve his or her dreams (Dyrud 2016). Irrespective of what the goal was, the employees of Henry Ford were united by the fact that they gave up their unrewarding jobs to maintain a better work-life balance where there was scope for high earnings with more free time for social life (Mayyas et al. 2012). Henry Fords contribution to the motor vehicle industry is undeniable. He has made an impact on the industry both practically and theoretically, where he has taught the people hundreds of management and organization lessons. His farsightedness and determination to succeed still inspire all the entrepreneurs and business owners even today. Alfred P Sloan; Cost Centre philosophy: In order to comprehend how the famous American business executive in the motor vehicle industry, Alfred P Sloan influenced the entire corporate system, through the invention of a technique called cost center, it is important to understand clearly, what this concept actually means and what its scope is. A cost center is that department of an organization, which does not, adds to the profitability, but costs the company finance and capital to operate (Olugu and Wong 2012). On one hand, profit center directly contributes to the profits earned by the company; cost center does the same, but in an indirect manner. During the phase of downsizing, departments like cost centers are usually are first ones to be on the target list. However, the nature and importance of this department should never be underestimated. A cost center can also be explained as a division in a business organization, which is entirely financed by the profit margin. This adds to the cost of the company and yet contribut es to its profitability either through direct or indirect means (Killing 2012). There are numerous examples of cost centers that relate to human resources, research and development (RD) and marketing (Shaheen and Cohen 2013). Alfred P Sloan used this particular concept and surpassed Henry Ford totally. Sloan used the cost center technique along with his brilliant leader ship style and made GM the world's biggest Industrial Corporation (Khler 2012). Sloan used cost center to change the management system entirely in General Motors and for good. As a result, General Motors Corporation was transformed into an organization, which had multiple divisions, with each of them having a set of departments. These departments were responsible for various business activities of General Motors (Olugu and Wong 2012). These departments were evaluated for their performance level from an efficiency and sales point of view. These measures act as an indication for tracking the financial performance of the company. There were various measuring devices and indicators such as ROI. However, the capital measure came to be the most effective way of measuring the performance level of the cost center. Alfred Sloans management system formed the base of all the contemporary corporations with the multidivisional system since the year 1920 (Lindsay and Berridge 2012). The influence and relevance of cost center cannot be underestimated even after so many years. The companies all around the world use Alfred Sloan's concept of cost center to head towards success. It broke down and divided the responsibilities of the corporate within each of its departments. This helped each division of the General Motors to concentrate on its daily operations. The general managers of the respective departments were responsible for monitoring the profit and loss the division was incurring (Simes et al. 2016). Sloan realized that to convert the corporate management into a real-time profession; he must put the interest of the organization above all interests. Each department strived for achieving economies of scale and made its unique contribution towards the success of the enterprise (Webel and Canis 2012). These departments worked within a given budget handed out to them. This often resulted in the reduction of the inventory and lowered costs. The model of the cost center is subjected to some drastic changes in the contemporary times. If we use the model in its organic form to handle the current business practices, the outcomes can be very different. It was the failure of Henry Ford in managing his systems, which inspired Alfred Sloan to come up with a business structure of his own. That system would be free from the caprices of one man. This is the reason behind General Motors decentralized nature, with its divisions being handled autonomously handled (Hoffmann 2013). Its system of command is rigid and strict, with every business operation being planned very carefully. The system is also vertically integrated because General Motors nearly made all the parts that went into the manufacturing of cars (Beynon 2016). The rigid use of the cost center method resulted in the management of General Motors giving up this method totally in later years of operation. The fashion of various departments in an organization competing against each other has died (Aggoud and Bourgeois 2012). With each of the divisions of General Motors like marketing and engineering operating independently, gave rise to unnecessary overhead costs. As the world started welcoming free trade, Alfred Sloans concept of cost center was not competitive (Middlebrook 2016). When Peter Drucker invented his management theory in the 1940s, he chose General Motors as his subject of the case study. In his study titled, "The concept of Corporation", he appreciated Alfred Sloan's concept of cost center and as well as decentralized departments in an organization (Hoffmann 2013). Numerous national and multinational companies in the motor vehicle industries have embraced this concept and are witnessing effectiveness and efficiency in their busine ss operations. Sloan gifted all the giant corporations of the world a tool that is widely used, even now. The concept of cost center enjoys popularity even after decades since it was devised. Numerous multidivisional companies are using this concept to leverage their business operations. General Motors reached new heights under the leadership of Alfred P Sloan. His concept of cost center had helped the company calculate its financial statistics and equity (Doz and Prahalad 2013). Benefits of Alfred P Sloans cost center theory: The following are the benefits of Alfred P Sloans cost center: It improves the performance measurement; Helps the managers of the company in decision making and operating their departments on strict vigilance; The quality of the decisions and their outcome is also improved; Monitoring of investment returns is improved; Management information on profitability is improved; Monitoring of expenditure and cost was also improved. Alfred P Sloan revolutionized the face of the corporate sector in America. His brilliant approach towards leadership, managing customers and dealing with employees is groundbreaking (Olugu and Wong 2012). Alfred P Sloan's principles and guidelines on the managing of companies has stood the test of time and acts as a building block for efficient managerial leadership in business organizations no matter big or small. He demonstrated to the world how his principles should be put into use in todays times (Kalaignanam et al. 2013). The World Car Concept: World car is used to explain an automobile designed aimed to achieve worldwide sales using the same components and platform which comes in varied styles and designs. It is important to mention the history or background of world car. In the primitive days of the automobile industry, automobiles were mainly manufactured for local market wherein the manufacturer was based in (Zenkevich and Koroleva 2014). The prominent instance in this regard could be Ford T Model which was created to cope with the rural means and rugged terrain that most automobile customers were subjected to in the United States. The factual reality is this model arguably one of the first world cars with immense popularity across the globe. To be precise, Ford and its compatriot General Motors were mainly focused on being expansionist on a global platform (Gill 2012). In the year 1933, Ford introduced their first product which was designed to cater to the European needs and wants. The car failed to generate interest in the US market. However, the Ford Model Y developed by Ford Britain and also manufactured by the companys unit in Germany as Ford Koln. General Motors engaged in a rivalry with Ford by introducing Opel which was developed by General Motors in the US. However, the model was exclusively built in Europe and entirely sold in the European market. This initiated the advent of both the giants subsidiaries which aimed to create vehicles which match European culture and would be unlike to the automobiles designed by their parent organizations for the US market. Later, vehicles in the US were advancing wi th being larger and faster thereby benefiting from the suitable infrastructure of roads, reasonably priced fuel and lack of horsepower tax and displacement tax and duties that various European nations had (Hope 2016). The Volkswagen Beetle is another instance which has assumed worldwide success due to its economy and affordability. This could be construed to be the first mainstream vehicle post Model T which attracted immense attention across the globe (Hoffmann 2013). On the other hand, Nissan Sunny and Toyota Corolla followed what Beetles did became the first passenger cars in Japan. The success of these two models was dependent on economy and durability. On the other hand, the 1970s saw energy crisis sweeping across United States which propelled the US car manufacturers pursuing manufacturing of large vehicles with an increase of quality concerns surfacing in the midst. This created opportunities for European and Japanese car makers to make inroads in the US market. Later in the 1980s, Beetle evolved into C-segment which featured models such as Ford Escort and Volkswagen Golf (van Tuijl and Carvalho 2014). The Opel Corsa and Fiat also deserve special mention in this regard. These prove to be leading segment amongst the European car industry till date. On the other hand, Japanese vehicles were mostly focused on either luxury or performance. Nissan Laurel and Toyota Soarer are the two exorbitant brands which feature in the list. Based on the success of import of vehicles, Volkswagen initiated operations in Pennsylvania by establishing their first plant in 1978 (George 2015). Car makers like Nissan, Honda, and Toyota would get into a joint venture by establishing plants across the US. Slowly the Japanese counterparts followed the suit with automobile makers like, Mitsubishi Motors and Suzuki who would partner with American affiliates. Chrysler, General Motors, and Ford joined hand to form a joint venture which made a mark in the North American market (Hitosugi and Matsui 2015). The Volkswagen Rabbit is one such model which has its roots in North America was one of the primary foreign vehicles to be assembled domestically for the entire US market. The company made certain changes by installing trim materials in an attempt that turned out to be futile to market the product in American buyers who specifically were interested to buy the product because they longed for a European experience in driving. Honda Accord was the first model hailing from an overseas brand that became top-selling car in the US (Timmer et al. 2015). Henceforth, Japanese carmakers brought modifications in their products by designing midsize sedans that would impel the sale of lucrative sedan sector based in the United States having their sales in Japan. Toyota launched Camry model which helped them to supersede the popularity of both Ford Accord and Taurus in the category of best-selling vehicle in the United States. Likewise, Honda launched Accord model aimed to capture the North American market base which was not sold in the European or Japanese market. Towards the end of 1980, the concept of SUV or Sports Utility Vehicle became popular in North America (Hoffmann 2013). The reason for this success was low gas prices, high profitable options to automakers and likable design (George 2015). Over the years, world car has undergone significant changes in its manufacturing. The Ford Mondeo is an interesting proposition that was particularly designed to be successful in the European and US markets and was fittingly termed as a World Car which surpassed Ford Sierra and Tempo in Europe and North America markets respectively (Olugu and Wong 2012). Notwithstanding of being a global design, in the beginning, world cars needs to incorporate specific changes as per the law of the land, or for that matter diverse cultural differences and taste of the consumers. For instance, in Brazil ethanol vehicles are popular or in the United States where petrol is inexpensive and larger engines are popular (Dumas and Sanchez-Burks 2015). The merger of Nissan-Renault: The Nissan-Renault merger was materialized in the year 1999 which took the world by storm. While mergers and acquisitions were prevalent in the automobile world, a strategic merger between two diverse entities proved to be path breaking in the entire business domain. The relationship involves joint development, cross-holding, joint production, and collaboration of best practices and components. The merger enabled Nissan and Renault in the reduction of cost and time in production, increase competitiveness and augment profitability. Before delving in the wide array of aspects of the merger, it is imperative to mention a brief background of both the entities (Zenkevich and Koroleva 2014). A brief history of Nissan: Nissan was founded primarily as Kwaishinsha Motor Car Works in Japan in 1911. Later the company was rechristened as Nissan Motor Co. Ltd in the year 1934. The organization witnessed various intricacies while functioning as a unit. The firm made collaborations with various entities namely, Austin Motors and others to better its production and increase the base regarding sales and profitability. The firms performance perked up since 1972, with the total production scaling beyond ten million figures (www.nissan-global.com 2016). A brief history of Renault: Whereas, Renaults origin may be traced back to 1898 when the founder of the company formed the organization during the World War in France. Post the World War; Renault resumed production. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, the company increased its profitability with the introduction of the total quality concept in its ranks (Zenkevich and Koroleva 2014). The era of the 2000s witnessed the firm introducing modern concepts and mechanisms in its operations which were aimed to make its presence felt across the rest of the world, mainly outside Europe. The objective of Nissan-Renault alliance or merger: Alliance and mergers surfaced in the mid-1990s to the late of the decade. This was mainly done to explore openings in prospective markets. Also, the aim meant for reduction of costs and acquiring new technology. The Nissan-Renault came into existence when Nissan was in bad shape in financial terms. The automakers stake was near about 34 percent in 1974 but suffered a decline by 1999. In the year 1999, the company recorded huge loss approximately, 684 billion. In 1999, the CEOs of both the organizations came forward to sign an agreement which followed with the merging of both the entities (Olugu and Wong 2012). This resulted in Renault acquiring around thirty percent of Nissans shares worth 5.5 billion USD. The lackluster performance of Nissan prompted a change of CEO who initiated Nissan Revival scheme along with a host of reforms to rescue the organization from debt-ridden state and bring that back to profitability and growth. The top brass of the organization promulgated a plan with entailed over closing down of factories and nonperforming outlets, reduction of some vehicle platforms, investment in technology and setting up a proficient production system. However, the primary objectives are to return to net profitability, achieving minimum operating income to sales margin of nearly 4.5 percent and finally a reduction in consolidated debt to a minimum amount of 700 billion (Olugu and Wong 2012). The management foresaw that the company should be able to meet all the desired goals and cut down the purchasing cost by twenty percent which in turn would contribute to the overall organizational efficacy (Nissan-global 2016). Formation of Nissan-Renault merger: The merger was established with an aim to develop synergies while keeping the cultures of both the entities intact. The merger aimed to restore quality and value of both the organizations including profitability and transfer of technology. The capital structure of Nissan was formulated with Renault holding nearly 44 percent of stake in Nissan while Nissan is holding as much as 15 percent of Renault (Zenkevich and Koroleva 2014). The merger aimed to create Renault-Nissan Purchasing Organization which was to make joint purchases for both the entities. Nissan-Renault team hired professionals who assumed important positions in purchasing, emission business, global logistics and others (Weiss 2014). Effects of the Merger: The merger provided a plethora of benefits for both the organizations. The merger helped both the firm to eliminate wastes, improvement in the competitiveness of both the firms and efficiency in global operations. It is important to note that efficient global production was achieved by incorporating flexibility and optimizing utilization ratio. Improvement of plant competitiveness was achieved by benchmarking and efforts were made to improve logistics and equipment efficiency. The merger acted a buffer to protect against the economic crisis and accelerated the momentum of growth of both the company in some of the worlds fastest growing economies. The merger helped the brands to accentuate sales by almost 1 percent since 2014. Also, it captured nearly ten percent of the entire global market in the preceding year. In the quest to save cost and improve competitiveness Nissan and Renault focused on technologies and integrated these technologies in both the models. For example, Nissan provided various inputs for the development of Renaults first cross-over, Renault Koleos which was manufactured by Renault Samsung Motors in Korea. Nissan used Renaults Curitiba plant to find firm footing in Brazil and other parts of Latin America which is one of the largest automobile markets in the region (Weiss 2014). Both the brands partnered to reduce costs and derive benefits from various economies of scale. The model helped the merger to account for more than fifty percent of worldwide sales of the entities. The Nissan-Renault merger is deemed to be a success. The unique structure helped the partners to take advantage of synergies in keeping with separate branding and identities. Collaboration between Nissan and Renault focuses over capital intensive research projects mainly, zero-emission transportation models, sustainability and development of automobile manufacturing in parts of Russia and Brazil. The firms invested substantially in research, engineering, and production of state-of-the-art vehicles. The two entities executed joint development, production in emerging markets and Research and Development which propelled the firm to assume the position of market leader in the business domain. The merger helped Nissan and Renault to do better than historic rivals thereby elevating both the entities in an elite position. Challenges ahead: In spite of the technology sharing and cost advantages, Renault and Nissans market share took a severe hit in recent years and is yet to match the competence of Volkswagen Group and Toyota Motor Corporation which were centrally managed and closely managed. Volkswagen group is slowly consolidating its position to be the number one player in Europe. The merger is vulnerable to internal challenges also. Before the merger, Nissans organization was mostly close-minded and homogeneous. With the inclusion of Renault, various issues cropped up regarding the composition of the workforce. Both being separate entities, they ceased to have a common CEO. It is imperative for the alliance to resolve the stumbling blocks which in turn would help the entire operation to be a smooth affair. The aforementioned exhaustive discussion lays the foundation to key factors that are responsible for making automobile industry a sustainable domain. Merger and strategic alliance are undoubtedly complex because it entails over a host of complicated aspects. Nissan partnered with Renault to regain the lost footing in the automobile industry. In the last century or so, dynamic changes have occurred in the automotive industry of the world. The automobile industry in Europe and the United States assumed to be the market leaders in the domain. On the other hand, Japan lagged in growth in the initial years but slowly perked up growth in no time. The importance of the automotive industry is immense for the entire globe. There are approximately 180 manufacturers and vehicles which provide around 10 million employments with a significant proportion of skilled labor in the world (Olugu and Wong 2012). The above discussion coherently explains various trends which have helped the industry to flourish and prosper in best possible manner. Fords theory and cost center analysis paved the way for the development of robust automobile industry which became a force to reckon with. Further, the world car phenomena gripped the entire world and globalized the industry to a large extent. In fine, it may be concluded that the management should be abreast of the shortcomings and global facets so that it could sustain growth and development in the organization. The summary of the entire proposition is mentioned as follows. The motor vehicle industry has undergone a radical change since inception. Various management philosophies made its presence felt while defining the nuances of the automobile industry. Henry Ford is a significant personality who introduced the management philosophy of bringing the work to the workers. Resources or employees form an integral part of the organization. Henry Ford set a brilliant example for valuing the human work force which ultimately plays a key role in shaping the destiny of the organization. Other firms followed Ford's management philosophy which helped them to gain profitability. Ford was successful in initiating innovative management techniques in his firm which was later imitated by various companies across the world. However, Alfred P Sloan went a step higher and initiated cost center theory (Dumas and Sanchez-Burks 2015). The companies all around the world use Alfred Sloan's concept of cost center t o head towards success. It broke down and divided the responsibilities of the corporate within each of its departments. Various mergers and strategic alliance occurred in automobile industry over the years. One of the most remarkable strategic alliances was between Nissan and Renault which took the world by storm. The partnership enabled both the firms to gain a competitive advantage in the business domain and helped Nissan to gain the lost footing. It is important to note that the merger ranks higher than Chrysler and Mercedes-Benz. Meanwhile, with the advent of the concept of World Car, the automobile industry witnessed a paradigm shift in the entire domain (Zenkevich and Koroleva 2014). The World Car meant that firms could formulate various models and assemble them in separate geographies and eventually trade them in different markets (Zenkevich and Koroleva 2014). The factual reality is World Car perception is a proponent of merger and strategic partnership that followed in days to come. In fine, it may be said that the automobile industry would sustain its growth and development in days to come by the means of effectual Research and Development measures along with up-to-date management principles and techniques as promulgated by the experts. References Aggoud, R. and Bourgeois, E., 2012. The Mismanagement of Mergers and Acquisitions. The journal of mergers and acquisitions, 3(1) pp.128-142. Aoyama, M., 2012. Computing for the next-generation automobile.Computer,45(6), pp.32-37. Becker, A., Stolletz, R. and Stblein, T., 2016. Strategic ramp-up planning in automotive production networks. International Journal of Production Research, pp.1-20. Beynon, H., 2016. Book review symposium: Response to reviews of Huw Beynon, Working for Ford: Men, Masculinity, Mass Production and Militancy. Work, Employment Society, 30(1), pp.181-191. Caputo, A., 2012. 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Portfolio Management Tools and Techniques †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Portfolio Management Tools and Techniques. Answer: Introduction: This report has been emphasized upon project portfolio. Project portfolio is the management through centralization by considering many processes, methods, tools, technologies and regulations. These methodologies are used by the project manager officers to investigate and collectively manage the proposed and current projects. These investments are based on the various key characteristics. Project portfolio management offers the manager a capability to manage various portfolios at the same time. It is a procedure which helps the company to handle a project smoothly. This process mainly helps an organization into managing the time, skills, resources, budgets and other resources to manager all the interrelated assignments. This project portfolio management offers a framework to the organization to resolve the issues and mitigate the risk. At the same time, it also help an organization to centralize the visibility of the project to assist the scheduling of the teams and planning a proper team to analyze the cheapest, fastest or most appropriate approach to manage and deliver the programs and projects. In this paper, various steps of project management has been studied and it has been found that what are the main features of a project which could be controlled and managed through the steps of project management. For conducting this report, ADCO construction has been taken into consideration. ADCO Constructions Pty Ltd offers construction and building services. The companys performance include various functions such as design and construction, early contractor involvement, cost planning services and design management as well as administrating contractor services. It delivers and undertakes projects in different categories, which include aviation, aged care, community, commercial, health, industrial, education, green, interiors, aquatic and leisure, retail, student accommodation, short term accommodation and specialist projects service. This company offers local, state and federal administration agencies, at the same time private and institutional Australian corporate. ADCO Constructions Pty Ltd has been founded in 1972 and this company is situated in Sydney, Australia. Objectives of portfolio: The main objective of portfolio project management is determining the optimal mix of resources for managing and delivering the schedule activities of the project. The main objectives of the project portfolio management are as follows: Manage the time and skills Maximum utilization of available resources Manage all the portfolios of the company(Gareis, 2006) Determine the optimal mix of the skills Analyze the most appropriate way Complete the task in given time Centralize the visibility of the task Investigate and collectively manage the proposed and current projects (Rad Levin, 2006). Portfolio identification is the first step of the project portfolio management. Project portfolio management helps the organization to find out the best project from many available portfolios. In this process the project portfolio manager analyzes the various projects which are available in the market for the company to invest and manage the companys functions. In this process, various techniques are applied to analyze the best project in the available projects. Further, it has been observed that the most important part for selecting the best project is analyzing the pros and cons of every project, the risk associated with every project, benefits which could be derived from the available projects etc (Killen, Hunt Kleinschmidt, 2008). It has been found that if the every risk and profit associated with a project is identified in an effective manner than it becomes easy for the managers and the company to manage the best project. Additionally, it has been found that while choosing the best portfolio through many techniques, company and managers are required to analyze other related aspects and factors which could help the organization to manage the portfolio in a better manner. It has been analyzed through study over the ADCO construction pty ltd that company has various options to invest the amount and enhance the operations of the company (Heising, 2012). It has been analyzed that following options are available in the market for the company: Project to make a building for the residential building Project to make a building for the commercial building Project to make an investment into the international business Project to make bungalows into the VIP area Project to manage the already built buildings Project to renovate the buildings Project to make new buildings into the already existing market Projects to make new building into the new market Project to enhance the already existing operations of the company Project to enhance the new operations of the company(Martinsuo Lehtonen, (2007) Project to diversify the market Project to enter into the international market Project to product all the raw materials Project to buy the old buildings Project to enter into a joint venture Project to merge the business Project to open new subsidiary businesses Project to open subsidiary businesses into the new state Project to invest into another industry Project to manage the previous portfolios (Beringer, Jonas Kock, 2013) Project to invest the amount into the safe stocks in the market Thus it has been analyzed that above 20 options are available in front of the company to manage and administer the projects. In this step, company is required to identify each project and analyze the pros and cons of every project. Further, it is also required by the managers of the company to identify the risk and return from each share so that a best decision could be made for the company. Portfolio categorization: Portfolio categorization is the second step of the project portfolio management. Project portfolio management helps the organization to categorize the projects from many available portfolios. In this process the project portfolio manager analyzes the various projects which are available in the market for the company to invest and manage the companys functions. In this process, various techniques are performed to categorize the available projects (Teller et al, 2012). Further, it has been observed that the most important part for categorize the best project is segregating it through the help of various strategies and the operations of the project, the risk associated with every project, benefits which could be derived from the available projects etc. It has been found that if the portfolio would be implemented for the diversification than it must be categorized differently, further if the project would be taken place for the goodwill than it must be categorized accordingly. Additionally, it has been found that while categorizing the best portfolio through many techniques, strategies etc., company and managers are required to analyze other related aspects and factors which could help the organization to manage the portfolio in a better manner. It has been analyzed through study over the ADCO construction pty ltd that company has various options to invest the amount and enhance the operations of the company. It has been analyzed that following options could be categorized as follows: Project to make a building for the residential building for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on. Project to make a building for the commercial building - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on. Project to make an investment into the international business for this company is required to start the project from choosing the international business and analyzing the financing and market condition of that business (Beringer, Jonas Kock, 2013). . Project to make bungalows into the VIP area - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on. Project to manage the already built buildings - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the cons of the building and then so on. Project to renovate the buildings - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the buildings to analyze the cons of the building. Project to make new buildings into the already existing market - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on. Projects to make new building into the new market - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on. Project to enhance the already existing operations of the company - for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on (Teller et al, 2012). Project to enhance the new operations of the company: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the site to collecting the raw material and so on. Project to diversify the market: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best market. Project to enter into the international market: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best market. Project to product all the raw materials: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best techniques and plant area. Project to buy the old buildings : for this company is required to start the project from collecting the amount. Project to enter into a joint venture: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best company. Project to merge the business: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best company (Unger et al, 2012). Project to open new subsidiary businesses: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best other areas and feasibility of the new company. Project to open subsidiary businesses into the new state: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best country. Project to invest into another industry: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best industry. Project to manage the previous portfolios: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best techniques (Martinsuo, 2013). Project to invest the amount into the safe stocks in the market: for this company is required to start the project from choosing the best techniques. Thus it has been analyzed that above 20 options are available in front of the company to manage and administer the projects. In this step, the available options have been categorized to make it easy for the managers to understand the requirement of every project. Portfolio Evaluation: This is the third step of the portfolio project management procedure. In this process, it has been analyzed that how a business evaluates the available options and make a decision accordingly. It has also been analyzed that this step helps the business to analyze that which option is a good option as a portfolio for the company. it has also been analyzed that this process makes it easy for the organization to identify the most effective projects and thus it mitigates the risk of the company, enhances the return of the company and also helps the company to utilize the time, skills and resources in an effective manner. It has been analyzed through study over the ADCO construction pty ltd that company has various options to evaluate the best projects for the benefits of the company and which could help the company to achieve the targets: Project to make a building for the commercial building as this proposal would offer the best returns to the company through rent on monthly basis (Jonas, 2010). Project to make an investment into the international business as this proposal would offer the high return as well as high approach into the market. Project to make bungalows into the VIP area - as this proposal would offer the the high return as well as high approach into the market. Project to renovate the buildings - as this proposal would offer the high return as well as high approach into the market (Levine, 2007). Project to enhance the new operations of the company: as this proposal would offer the high return to the company and also make the company capable to manage the related aspect. Project to enter into the international market: as this proposal would offer the the high return as well as high approach into the market. Project to enter into a joint venture: as this proposal would offer the high techniques and power to the company to grab the market (Morris et al, 2007). Project to merge the business: as this proposal would offer the high techniques and power to the company to grab the market. Project to invest into another industry: as this proposal would offer the high techniques and power to the company to grab the market. Project to manage the previous portfolios: as this proposal would offer the high return and management technique to the company. Thus it has been analyzed that above 12 options are the best option in front of the company to manage and administer the projects. In this step, the available options have been studied to make it easy for the managers to achieve the goals of the company and manage the risk and return of the company. Further, it would also help the company to overcome all the issues related to projects (Braue, 2011). Portfolio Prioritization: This is the forth step of the portfolio project management procedure. In this process, it has been analyzed that which project must be in the priority list of the organization. It has also been analyzed that this step helps the business to analyze that which portfolio project must be performed firstly and which must be on hold for a time. it has also been analyzed that this process makes it easy for the organization to achieve the goals of the company, enhances the return of the company and also helps the company to utilize the time, skills and resources in an effective manner (Bonham, 2005). It has been analyzed through study over the ADCO construction pty ltd that company has various options to prioritize the best projects for the benefits of the company and which could help the company to achieve the targets: Project to make a building for the commercial building Project to make bungalows into the VIP area Project to enter into the international market Project to enter into a joint venture Project to manage the previous portfolios Project to invest into another industry: Project to enhance the new operations of the company Project to renovate the buildings Project to merge the business(Mller et al, 2008) Project to make an investment into the international business Thus it has been analyzed that above 12 options has been set in such a manner that the time and skills of the company could be utilized perfectly. In this step, the available projects have been prioritized to achieve the goals of the company and manage the risk and return of the company. Further, it would also help the company to overcome all the issues related to projects. Portfolio Balancing: This is the last step of the portfolio project management procedure. In this process, it has been found that would the selected portfolios would be able to achieve the target of the company and whether the priority list of the projects have been set in a good and effective manner. It has also been analyzed that this step helps the business to manage all the projects in such a manner that best of the benefits could be derived.. it has also been analyzed that this process makes it easy for the organization to achieve the goals of the company, enhances the return of the company and also helps the company to utilize the time, skills and resources in an effective manner (turner, 2008). It has been analyzed through study over the ADCO construction pty ltd that company has various options to balance the best projects for the benefits of the company and which could help the company to achieve the targets: Project to make a building for the commercial building: this project would help the company to manage the resources in such manner that best return could take place for the company and thus company could manage the less risk and high return. Project to enter into a joint venture: this project would help the company enhance the techniques, professionals, money and resources in such manner that best return could take place for the company and thus company could manage the less risk and high return (Killen et al, 2008). Project to manage the previous portfolios: this project would help the company to enhance the return and offer the good option for the company to make further investment into those portfolios. Project to invest into another industry: this project would help the company to manage the resources in such manner that best return could take place for the company and thus company could manage the less risk and high return (Meskendahl, 2010). Project to merge the business: this project would help the company enhance the techniques, professionals, money and resources in such manner that best return could take place for the company and thus company could manage the less risk and high return. Project to make an investment into the international business: this project would help the company enhance the opportunities, new business options, techniques, money and resources in such manner that best return could take place for the company and thus company could manage the less risk and high return (Blichfeldt et al, 2008). Thus it has been analyzed that above 6 options has been chose in such a manner that the time and skills of the company could be utilized perfectly. In this step, the available projects have been balanced to achieve the goals of the company and manage the risk and return of the company (De Reyck et al, 2005). Further, it would also help the company to overcome all the issues related to projects. Recommendation and conclusion: Thus through this report, it has been recommended to the company to manage the portfolios in such a manner that all the issues related to projects could be overcome. And the company become available to manage entire resources in such a manner that everything could be resolved related to projects of the company. References: Beringer, C., Jonas, D., Kock, A. (2013). Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 830-846. Blichfeldt, B.S. and Eskerod, P., (2008). Project portfolio managementTheres more to it than what management enacts.International Journal of Project Management,26(4), pp.357-365. Bonham, S. S. (2005).IT project portfolio management. Artech House,. Braue, D. (2011). Project portfolio management.CIO, (Summer 2011-2012), 42. De Reyck, B., Grushka-Cockayne, Y., Lockett, M., Calderini, S. R., Moura, M., Sloper, A. (2005). The impact of project portfolio management on information technology projects.International Journal of Project Management,23(7), 524-537. Gareis, R. (2006).Happy projects!. Editura ASE. Heising, W. (2012). The integration of ideation and project portfolio managementA key factor for sustainable success.International Journal of Project Management,30(5), 582-595. Jonas, D., 2010. Empowering project portfolio managers: How management involvement impacts project portfolio management performance.International Journal of Project Management,28(8), pp.818-831. Killen, C. P., Hunt, R. A., Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2008). Learning investments and organizational capabilities: case studies on the development of project portfolio management capabilities.International Journal of Managing Projects in Business,1(3), 334-351. Killen, C. P., Hunt, R. A., Kleinschmidt, E. J. (2008). Project portfolio management for product innovation.International Journal of Quality Reliability Management,25(1), 24-38. LaBrosse, M. (2010). Project?portfolio management.Employment relations today,37(2), 75-79. Levine, H. A. (2005). Project portfolio management.San Francisco. Levine, H.A., 2007.Project portfolio management: a practical guide to selecting projects, managing portfolios, and maximizing benefits. John Wiley Sons. Martinsuo, M. (2013). Project portfolio management in practice and in context.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), 794-803. Martinsuo, M., Lehtonen, P. (2007). Role of single-project management in achieving portfolio management efficiency.International journal of project management,25(1), 56-65. Meskendahl, S. (2010). The influence of business strategy on project portfolio management and its successa conceptual framework.International Journal of Project Management,28(8), 807-817. Morris, P. and Pinto, J.K. eds., 2007.The Wiley guide to project, program, and portfolio management(Vol. 3). John Wiley Sons. Mller, R., Martinsuo, M., Blomquist, T. (2008). Project portfolio control and portfolio management performance in different contexts.Project management journal,39(3), 28-42. Rad, P. F., Levin, G. (2006).Project portfolio management tools and techniques. www. iil. com/publishing. Teller, J., Unger, B. N., Kock, A., Gemnden, H. G. (2012). Formalization of project portfolio management: The moderating role of project portfolio complexity.International Journal of Project Management,30(5), 596-607. Turner, J. R. (2008).Handbook of project-based management. McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Unger, B. N., Gemnden, H. G., Aubry, M. (2012). The three roles of a project portfolio management office: Their impact on portfolio management execution and success.International Journal of Project Management,30(5), 608-620.

Roles and responsibilities of Human resource professionals free essay sample

?Roles and responsibilities of Human resource professionals Human resource professionals need to work together with line management in the management of the organisation’s human capital. The human resource professionals key responsibilities in this regard are to formulate and implement policy, advise and counsel, render a service, control personnel affairs, communicate, as well as be an employee advocate. Formulate and implement Policy: Human resource professionals draft policies and procedures relevant to the organisation’s people management. Once accepted by management these policies and procedures then need to be implemented together with line management. The human resource department is responsible for monitoring the implementation of the HR policy by line departments. They also assist line management in the interpretation of the policies. Advise and Counsel: The human resource professional acts as an internal consultant to employees, supervisors, managers and executives. Their knowledge of internal people management issues and the dynamics of the external environment allow the human resource professional to provide invaluable advice for the making of organisational decisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles and responsibilities of Human resource professionals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Render a Service: Human resource professionals provide a range of services such as recruiting, selecting and training. The services offered by Human Resource should be directed towards facilitating the achievement of the organisation’s goals. Control Personnel Affairs: The human resource professional monitors and controls the implementation of human resource related policies and procedures. Examples of control functions which human resource professionals perform include the following: Analysis of employment related data (example recruitment, training, promotion statistics) to identify the degree to which employment equity goals are being achieved. Analysis of data from performance appraisals for the purposes of determining whether performance management is being fairly conducted. Analysis of absenteeism and grievances to determine problem areas. Communicate: Communication is critical to the effective functioning of any organisation, and human resource professionals play a critical role in the designing and implementing companywide communication strategies. Examples of types of communication methods which the human resource department facilitates are: New employee orientation Bulletin boards Communication meetings Newsletters Employee handbooks Surveys Employee Advocate: An important responsibility of the human resource professional is to be an employee advocate. This involves actively listening to employee’s concerns and addressing these with management. In this way, human resource professionals can facilitate a greater fit between the employees and the organisation and in so doing promote employee satisfaction. Adapted from Mancosa Business Management 1B study guide pages 89 -91

Saturation strategy Essay Example

Saturation strategy Paper Michael Bergdahl (2004) had mentioned that focusing on providing the right products and outstanding customer service to your targeted customer is really the key to the retail ballgame. All associates work for the customers who buy our merchandise. In fact, the customers can fire everybody in our company. And they can do it by simply spending their money somewhere else. The greatest measure of our success is how well we please the customer, Our Boss. Sam Walton, Founder of Wal-Mart  Sam had a famous saying: Please show your customers the eight teeth.In Sam seems only a smile to reveal the extent of eight teeth, can be called a qualified service with a smile. Sam also taught staff: When customers come from within 10 feet of you, you have to look at the customers eyes and gently encourage him to give you advice and help.This one is summarized as ten feet attitude, Wal-Mart employees as guidelines. (Wal-Mart: No secret to success, 2002) Wal-Marts customer first principle is famous, it is well known two provisions: the first article: customer is always right; the second provides that: If the customer is just wrong, please refer to the first! More distinctive, Wal-Marts customer relationship philosophy is the customer is the employees Boss. (Rahman, 2008)  A happy environment for customers in Wal-Mart can be regarded as a marketing perspective strategy which works on the customers philosophy.  Matt Haig said that the ultimate key to Wal-Marts success is scale. Wal-Mart is usually double and sometimes triples the size of its competitors stores. This enables Wal-Mart to buy products in very great bulk, and therefore make the prices per item cheaper. The big stores equal big discounts from suppliers equal low prices for customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Saturation strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Saturation strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Saturation strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wal-Marts market saturation strategy is beat one of the business strategy. The so-called market saturation strategy, that is, within a certain time and certain to quickly layout to maximize the number of stores, quickly saturated the market; do not leave any chance to the opponent. Wal-Marts approach is to each place to intervals of 20 miles or so, Wal-Mart stores full of dense, so that to the retail market becomes saturated. This will prevent foreign companies to enter, but also give full play to the efficiency of distribution centers, reducing picking costs (Pharmacy business strategy: to Wal-Mart school of business management pharmacy, medicine, medicine pharmaceutical industry, nd). Moreover, Wal-Mart goes to global to expend its scale. Wal-Mart began operations in the worlds most populous nation in 1996, opening a Wal-Mart Supercenter and a Sams Club (John Yunker, 2002, p 551). Since 1991, Wal-Mart from the United States to expand overseas, has been vigorously promote globalization. In 1993, Wal-Mart the number of overseas stores only 1% of all stores by the year 2000 has grown to 25%, two years after and increased to 27%. From 1996 to 2000, the companys sales grew 27% in overseas business. Even if the global economic downturn in 2001 and 2002, the company operating overseas sales to 17% contribution. (Wal-Marts Globalization and Localization, 2003) Now, Wal-Mart which 25% of its stores are located outside the United States, yet were in only nine countries, and Wal-Mart, like most major companies, is just getting started (John Yunker, 2002, p 551). As globalization is now a not reversible trend, Wal-Mart goes to global scale is a wise investment for its long term success.  Conclusion  Wal-Mart now is the biggest retailer in the world, the success factor as a marketing perspective strategy includes the price, products, promotion, service, scale.  Although Wal-Mart has met problems such as at the beginning of globalization, (In the late 1990s, Wal-Mart decided to open stores in Germany as part of their strategic growth initiative, however it failed because of the different culture (Kyle Lundby, Allen I. Kraut, 2008, p 564).), it came over, which I think is the most important factor for Wal-Marts success. Discuss the management actions you would suggest to Wal-Mart in order for the company to operate more effectively and efficiently.  As we know planning is a process that managers use to identify and select appropriate goals and courses of action. There are three steps in planning process: deciding which goals the organization will pursue; deciding what courses of action to adopt to attain those goals; deciding how to allocate organizational resources to attain to those goals (Golding, N, 2009). As one of the worlds largest retailer, Wal-Mart has grown to be an immense success among American consumers. In order to operate the company more effectively and efficiently, Wal-Mart should do more works on their planning. Firstly, based on the mission of Wal-Mart which is to offer low prices than other retailers with high quality and maximize returns for the benefits of its shareholders and employees, managers should make more strategies to improve on the sides of the quality of their selling products and the returns for the benefits of its shareholders and employees. On the side of high quality of selling products, Wal-Mart should purchase the high quality products from the suppliers. Nowadays, more and more customers like to purchase things in the international chain stores. They think the international chain stores have higher quality guarantee. So Wal-Mart should not only focus on the low prices, they also should guarantee the quality. Wal-Mart should introduce some goods and services that other retailers do not have. Like the retailer Tesco in the world, they provide many goods and services that other retailers do not have; they now have many supermarkets in the world. Secondly, Wal-Mart should do more planning on the management of change. There are some problems such as people, structure, or technology in the organization. Then, managers should plan any alterations in them. Depending on the strategies, it requires the use of different structures because a differentiation strategy needs an organic structure for better control. However, after the managers develop the plans, they should do more works on coordinating the activities. Wal-Mart manager can hold some meetings to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these plans. The workers should be done carefully because they are the last step to act the plans. With these jobs dome, the managers of War-Mart managers can bring into effect.  These management actions with good planning could be strategically utilized or adopted by Wal-Mart so as to improve the operations of the company.